|
. Designed and built by the Bell Punch Co. in Britain, and marketed through its Sumlock Comptometer division, they used vacuum tubes and cold-cathode switching tubes in their logic circuits and nixie tubes for their numerical displays. They were the first of a series of desktop and hand-held electronic calculators that the company was to develop and sell under the ANITA name into the mid-1970s. == History of ANITA calculators == The acronym 'ANITA' was officially proclaimed to be derived from, variously, A New Inspiration To Arithmetic, or A New Inspiration To Accounting, though there have been rumours that this was also the name of the designer's wife. The Bell Punch Company (named after its first product, a ticket punch with a bell used by tram and bus conductors) had been producing a very successful range of key-driven mechanical calculators of the Comptometer type under the names "Plus" and "Sumlock", since the 1930s. In 1956 the young graduate Norbert Kitz (also known as Norman Kitz), who had worked on the early British Pilot ACE computer project, had a chance meeting with some of the directors of Control Systems Ltd.,〔Kitz N: "Met de Geestelijke Vader van ANITA" (translation:"With the mental father of ANITA"), ''Anita's Wereld'' (an advertising paper for ANITA calculators), Amsterdam, April 1963, p3.〕 of which the Bell Punch Company was then a subsidiary. Some years earlier, while researching the introduction to his dissertation, he was looking at the mechanical calculators in the Science Museum, London, United Kingdom, and had realised that the future of calculators lay in electronics. Unfortunately, the major mechanical calculator manufacturers were far away in the U.S.A. and Germany, and Kitz's idea lay dormant until he raised it at that meeting. The directors were very forward looking and were impressed by Kitz and his idea. They decided to open an Electronics Development Department, and took on Kitz as the leader of a project to develop an electronic version of the company's mechanical calculators. To help confidentiality the project was given the code-name ANITA. Since the company had production lines capable of manufacturing precision mechanical parts by the thousand, the first experimental models were mechanical and electronic hybrids. However, these proved impractical and a purely electronic design was pursued. Being the first in the field there were several major technical areas that required considerable development:〔 * Development of the electronic circuits for the four arithmetic functions: add, subtract, multiply, divide. * Development of an electronic circuit which could store numbers being used in the calculation without taking up a lot of space and requiring a lot of power. * Produce a suitable keyboard to enter the numbers of a calculation. This had to have a long life and also give good electrical reliability. * To develop a suitable numerical output to display the results. However, the main constraint was to be the cost of the calculator. The cheapest electronic computer then cost approximately £50,000 (GBP, about US$140,000), but to be competitive with mechanical calculators the target selling price of the electronic calculator was in the range £350 to £400 (US$980 to 1120). The first all-electronic prototype was demonstrated to the board of the company in December 1958.〔 This prototype was later donated by the company to the Science Museum in London, where Kitz had originally had the idea for the electronic calculator. It has been on display surrounded by the mechanical calculators that it was to make obsolete. There then followed several years of great effort in finding electronic and mechanical components suitable for production, testing them for suitability, and where necessary producing them within the company or finding someone to produce them to their specification. The great culmination of all the effort was revealed in October 1961, when the world's first ''all-electronic desktop'' calculators were launched. These were the ANITA Mk VIII at the ''Business Efficiency Exhibition'' in London, United Kingdom, from 2nd. to 11th. October, and the ANITA Mk VII at the ''Hamburg Business Equipment Fair'', Germany, from 10th. to 13th. October.〔"Simple and Silent", ''Office Magazine'', Dec. 1961, p1244〕〔"'Anita' der erste tragbare elektonische Rechenautomat" ("the first portable electronic computer" ), ''Buromaschinen Mechaniker'', Nov. 1961, p207〕 Since transistor technology was still in its infancy, these machines used vacuum tubes, cold-cathode tubes, and Dekatrons in their circuits, and cold-cathode Nixie tubes for their displays. This technology was fairly robust and cost effective;〔MacDougall, M.A., "Using the cold-cathode tube: part 1", ''Electronics'', Mar. 22 1965, p78〕 the Dekatron counter tube being the equivalent of an integrated circuit counter. The ANITA Mk VII was marketed in continental Europe while the ANITA Mk VIII was marketed in Britain and the rest of the world, both for delivery from early 1962. The Mk VII was a slightly earlier design with a more complicated mode of multiplication and was soon dropped in favour of the simpler Mark VIII version. The logic circuits, although digital, were based on decimal notation rather than binary; as Kitz himself stated at a symposium "no binary stunts here!".〔Kitz N: "Cold Cathode Trigger Tubes for Computing Applications", ''Symposium on "Cold Cathode Tubes and their Applications"'', University of Cambridge, March 1964, pIII/7/1 to III/7/9〕 Similar to the Comptometer calculating machines of the time, the ANITA had a full keyboard, a feature that was unique to it and the later Sharp CS-10A among electronic calculators. Being silent and very quick in operation, and the only electronic desktop calculator available, the ANITA sold well, reaching nearly 10,000 units per year by 1964.〔 1961 was a doubly notable year for the Bell Punch Company since it then also amalgamated its calculator division with the British operation of Comptometer Corporation of Chicago, U.S.A. (formerly the Felt & Tarrant Manufacturing Co.), to form Sumlock Comptometer Ltd. It thus gained the right to use the name "''Comptometer''" and even manufactured mechanical calculators to be sold by Comptometer Corporation in the U.S.A.〔Darby E: "It all adds up: The growth of Victor Comptometer Corporation", Victor Comptometer Corporation, 1968〕 Development and some manufacture of the ANITA calculators took place at the Bell Punch Company's headquarters in Uxbridge, about 15 miles (24 km) to the west of London, United Kingdom. However, the main production facility was in Portsmouth, on the south coast, where the company expanded the original site there, opened in 1952 to produce mechanical calculator parts, by acquiring additional buildings. For production of the thousands of circuit boards the company invested in the then new technology of wave soldering. With the appearance of the ANITA calculators, other calculator manufacturers pressed on with designs for electronic models. In late 1963 and 1964 competition finally arrived with the launch of all-transistor models such as the Friden ''EC-130'', IME ''84'', and Sharp ''CS-10A''. Initially the competing electronic calculators were no cheaper nor smaller than the ANITA, but Bell Punch responded by opening a new research and development building on its Uxbridge site, and electronics research was increased for the calculators and the other Bell Punch products. The ANITA name continued to be used for the series of models of desktop calculators that followed, which gradually moved to transistor and integrated circuit technology, and from the early 1970s, the hand-held models. In 1966 the calculator manufacturing operation of the Bell Punch Company was formed into a separate company, called Sumlock-Anita Electronics, and continued to manufacture both the mechanical and electronic calculators, still marketed by its Sumlock Comptometer division. There was a major development in 1973 when the Sumlock Anita Electronics division was bought by its main supplier of integrated circuits, Rockwell International of the U.S.A.〔Valery, N: "Shopping around for a calculator", ''New Scientist'', 1973, p549-551〕 The remainder of the Bell Punch Co. continued manufacturing and selling its other products, such as taximeters. In 1976 Rockwell decided to exit the calculator market, by which time cheap calculators had markedly reduced the profitability of the industry. Sumlock Anita Electronics was closed down and the ANITA name was sold to a marketing company and soon disappeared.〔"Rockwell closes Anita factory", ''Computer Weekly'', 22nd. Jan. 1976〕 The rest of the Bell Punch Company, which was completely independent of Rockwell, continued in business to about 1986 when it was closed down. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sumlock ANITA calculator」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|